Giuseppe Mazzini

1840-1851: Member of the Union Consulta for the Ligurian Republic

-elected as a diehard Italian nationalist

-who has obtained credibility as a member of Young Italy with its famous hijinks

-also noted for anti-French ting

1851-1854: President of the Council of Eleven of the Italian Union

1864-1863: Consul for General Affairs of the United States of Italy

-nationalizes French branch plants

-auctions them to Italians to raise money for government

-buys Saint-Barthelemy from Commonwealth of Sweden

-which considers it unprofitable

-while Italy wants to make it a true power

-eventually faced with increasing issues

-his industrial policy is unpopular because it threads the line between workerism and industrialism

-also his trade policy of tariffs break with big free trader body

-and his extremely abolitionist policy and honoring William Lloyd Garrison on a visit irks supporters of US good relations

-seizes assets of the Roman Catholic Church

-church is heavily unpopular in Italy due to its opposition to Italian nationalism

-and so this is supported by the people

-only does this with election of despised Roman Catholic Popes > 1858-1883 Pius VIII

-who makes sure to make bishops loyal to him and thus traitors to Italy

-reorganizes Catholic Church in Italy into a new Independent Catholic church

-and it is this which has control of all Roman Catholic assets as its "rightful successor"

-sparks a series of rebellions in Venetia and rural Naples

-which he is able to crush and is relatively lenient against

-Roman Catholics have full religious equality after all

-distribution of church endowments is controversial process

-despite Mazzini doing everything he can to make it egalitarian much of it instead goes to new revolutionary elites

-ultimately defeated by coalition of far-lefts and the rights after party weakened

-with even Giuseppe Garibaldi voting against him

-accepts this and for the rest of his life he focuses himself on international republicanism as Italian Personalities > Giuseppe Mazzini

-and also leads the deep religious shifts and awakening that happens

1865-1872: President of the Universal Republican Association

-having been removed out of office, tries to turn int'l fandom into good republican tidings

-Universal Republican Association unites various pro-Mazzini groups

-and quickly it attracts members from across Europe and the US

-this becomes an important segment of the Justice Party

-and Mazzini and Garibaldi's famous intervention become part of American national lore

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Offices held

1824-1826: Lieutenant in the Italian Navy

-required to join as part of requirements to be a merchant captain

-quickly ascends in rank with competence

-and with Second French War (1821-32) he's deemed more than sufficient to become a military figure

1826-1832: Captain in the Italian Navy

-also follows Young Italy, consistently takes order from Mazzini's leadership, follows own stuff

-because as far as he's concerned Italy is sort of a French puppet even if this he considers better than alternative

-a number of adventures and escapades around Latium

-despite badly outmatched navy does fight very well

-is discharged immediately afterward end of Second French War (1821-32) due to his perceived disloyalty

1832-1835: Captain in the Young Italian Republican Fleet

-continues his affiliation with Young Italy, together with many others

-defeated in attack on Rome in 1835 intended to incite revolution

-Italian and French government intent on arresting them afterwards for disturbing the peace

-and threatening to provoke a new war

-afterwards, Garibaldi and others flee to Gibraltar, part of the British Isles

1837-1840: Privateer for Young Italy

-sails across the Atlantic, to Texas

-Spain sends a fuck ton of Italians to Texas as buffer against United States of America, easy for Garibaldi to blend in

-serves as merchant over the waves

-awaiting next revolt but long-time coming

-in meantime falls in love with local lady and ranches, organizes

-eventually gets letters of marque from Mazzini to raid Austrian shipping

-with outbreak of US's Wars > Second Quasi War (1839-42), escalation of Caribbean violence, flees across with amnesty in hand

1841-1844: Captain of the Italian Regiment of the Moreote Army

-Garibaldi brought with him a number of returnees

-a fair many from German, Irish backgrounds thanks to his sheer charisma

-during Morean revolt during Russia's Wars > Turkish War of Succession (1841-4), Garibaldi offers his services, accepted

-succeeds, serves with distinction and in contrast to many others he serves with honor

-serving both on air and on land

-afterwards, refuses offer of land, declaring he fights for republican honor

-also he's unhappy at compromise which creates Greek Federation > Principality of Morea as though he views it as a step in right direction, he wants to kick the Ottomans out of Europe altogether

-recruits army to take back to Italy

1843-1845: Member of the Moreote National Assembly for Patras

-selected for the provisional National Assembly, barely participates in a body that barely exists

-stays there and recruits till there's a general opportunity to liberate the rest of Italy

1847-1849: Commander-General of the Young Italian Republican Division of the South

-with outbreak of French Wars > Third French War (1847-54), obtains command of Young Italians operating in the Parthenope

-his charisma helps him maintain leadership in area

-after beating off an attempted invasion from Sicily, invades it with small force

-wildly successful invasion, makes him world famous

1849-1852: Dictator of the Trinacrian Republic

-issues declaration making Sicily a republic

-fights and wins surprisingly well, able to deflect Austrian invasions

-and is able to gain a groundswell of support from the poor thanks to charisma

-with Italy having signed peace and on way to turn into United States of Italy, Garibaldi decides to resign his post

-and vocally denounces peace

1852-1853: General in the Independentist Honvéd

-seeking to fight for the cause of liberty enlists in Hungary's independentist army

-however, increasingly disgusted at the deeply aristocratic character of Hungary's new government

-and after denouncing suppression of radicals in Pest decides to resign all his posts

1853-1854: Commander of the Third Brigade of the Army of Mayence

-volunteers his service to the French in defence of the republic

-they accept despite distrusting an Italian after their peace

-performs valiantly

1854-1864: Member of the Italian National Assembly for Palermo

-elected by Sicily, which loves him a lot

-serves as extreme republican and radical, even more so than Mazzini

-often associates himself with extreme workerists

-abstention from confidence vote for Heads of Italy > 1854-1863 Giuseppe Mazzini (Young Italy) important role in his ousting

1865-1867: Marshal in the Buenaventuran Army

-struck by abolitionist character of the Buenaventuran Declaration of Independence

-and supporter of Buenaventura's Wars > Buenaventuran War of Independence (1864-7)

-sending letters to and from it, given commission as a Marshal from United Provinces of Buenaventura, goes off to New Orleans then crosses the border

-despite attempts to stop him from crossing well nobody would dare

-leads the Division of the Northwest in Texas

-serves with skill with his experiences

-leads effort to take New Darmstadt

-also, fights against Robert E. Lee in massive duel of armies but prevails

1867-1868: Delegate to the Convention of El Paso for the Division of the Northwest

-convention to write the new Constitution of the United Provinces of Buenaventura

-Garibaldi is part of military section

-does little more than ensure constitution follows general republican values

1868-1870: Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Buenaventura for Texas-5

-enthusiasm for Garibaldi is such that he is elected a Deputy for Buenaventura in a constituency in New Darmstadt

-doesn't intend to stay there but he can see that he can help settle the revolution and the US is a powderkeg waiting to explode

-quickly makes speeches on need to firmly abolish slavery, expand revolution

-and with rise of Liberty and Union War (1868-76) makes negotiations with it to enter

-declines to run for re-election

1870-1876: Major-General in the United States (Constitutionalist) Army

-with the Emancipation Proclamation, excited and offers his services to the Constitutional Government > Constitutional Army of Liberty and Union War (1868-76)

-made a Major-General

-one of the foremost generals of the Constitutional Government > Army of the West, under Field Marshal McPherson

-serves with distinction

-most famous for taking Memphis which makes him even more of a living legend

-wounded with that, carries scars on arm with pride

-granted natural-born citizenship by Act of Congress

-on model of Lafayette

-but in the end old, retires to Europe

-but not before being at Grand Review of the Armies in September 1876 and receiving natural-born citizenship from Congress

1878-1881: Member of the Italian National Assembly for Milan-3

-plays little part in National Assembly, for the most part retires to farming

-also, he's bedridden from injuries and rheumatism

-tries to organize broad left faction, to shock of Mazzinians, to some success

-condemns French suppression of labor strikes across border with extreme vitriol

-but does support French in French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4) on basis of anti-monarchism

-and goes so far as to send a son to volunteer for French army on his behalf

-gets grand and massive funeral

Honors

-Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy

-honorary title granted in 1852

-in honor of taking of Sicily

-Ben meritato della Patria (Italy)

-granted in 1853

-Co-Grand Master of the Order of Independence (Buenaventura)

-granted in 1868

-co-awarded highest title along with other top-tier generals

-Congressional Gold Medal (United States)

-granted in 1874

-in honor of taking of Memphis

-Natural-born citizenship of the United States

-granted in 1876

-in honor of outstanding conduct in Liberty and Union War (1868-76)

Legacy

-celebrated as a nationalist hero in Italy, Greece, Hungary, Buenaventura, and the US

-statues in literally all of those countries across them

-and fairly well-known in France

-birthday is celebrated around the world